Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Transendoscopic Therapies

Description of Procedure or Service

Transesophageal endoscopic therapies are being developed for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A variety of procedures are being evaluated, including transesophageal (or transoral) incisionless fundoplication (TIF), application of radiofrequency (RF) energy, and injection/implantation of prosthetic devices or bulking agents.

Due in part to the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), there has been interest in creating a minimally invasive transesophageal therapeutic alternative to open or laparoscopic fundoplication or chronic medical therapy. This type of procedure may be considered natural orifice transluminal surgery (NOTES). Three types of procedures have been investigated:

1. Transesophageal endoscopic gastroplasty (gastroplication, transoral incisionless fundoplication [TIF]) is an outpatient procedure. During this procedure, the fundus of the stomach is folded, and then held in place with staples or fasteners that are deployed by the device. The endoscopic procedure is designed to recreate a valve and barrier to reflux.
2. 2.) Radiofrequency energy has been used to produce submucosal thermal lesions at the gastroesophageal junction. (This technique has been referred to as the Stretta procedure.) Specifically, radiofrequency energy is applied through 4 electrodes inserted into the esophageal wall at multiple sites both above and below the squamocolumnar junction. The mechanism of action is not precisely known, but may be related to the ablation of the nerve pathways responsible for sphincter relaxation or may induce a tissue-tightening effect related to heat-induced collagen contraction and fibrosis.
3. 3.) Submucosal injection or implantation of a prosthetic or bulking agent to enhance the volume of the lower esophageal sphincter has also been investigated. One bulking agent, pyrolytic carbon-coated zirconium oxide spheres (Durasphere), has been evaluated. The Gatekeeper™ Reflux Repair System (Medtronic) utilizes a soft, pliable, expandable prosthesis made of a polyacrylonitrile-based hydrogel. The prosthesis is implanted into the esophageal submucosa and with time the prosthesis absorbs water and expands, creating bulk in the region of implantation. However, the only identified RCT was terminated early due to lack of efficacy and it was voluntarily withdrawn by the manufacturer. Endoscopic submucosal implantation of polymethylmethacrylate beads into the lower esophageal folds has also been investigated.

Regulatory Status

EsophyX® (EndoGastric Solutions), a TIF device, received 510(k) marketing clearance in 2007 for full-thickness plication. In 2016, EsophyX® Z Device with SerosaFuse Fasteners was cleared for marketing (K160960) by the FDA through the 510(k) process for use in transoral tissue approximation, full thickness plication, ligation in the gastrointestinal tract, narrowing the gastroesophageal junction, and reduction of hiatal hernia of 2 cm or less in patients with symptomatic chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In June 2017, EsophyX2 HD and the third-generation EsophyX Z Devices with SerosaFuse fasteners and accessories were cleared for marketing by the FDA through the 510(k) process (K171307) for expanded indications, including patients who require and respond to pharmacologic therapy and in patients with hiatal hernias larger than 2cm when a laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair reduces a hernia to 2cm or less. The most recent FDA 510(k) clearance (K172811) occurred in October 2017 for new product specification iterations of EsophyX2 HD and EsophyX Z Devices. This clearance allows for “a moderate increase in the upper limit of the temporary Tissue Mold clamping pressure occurring during each fastener deployment.”

The Medigus SRS Endoscopic Stapling System (MUSE, Medigus) received marketing clearance by the FDA in 2012 and 2014. MUSE is intended for endoscopic placement of surgical staples in the soft tissue of the esophagus and stomach to create anterior partial fundiplication for treatment of symptomatic chronic GERD in patients who require and respond to pharmacologic therapy.

The CSM Stretta ® System received 510(k) marketing clearance from the FDA in 2000 for general use in the electrosurgical coagulation of tissue and intended for use specifically in the treatment of GERD. Mederi Therapeutics began manufacturing the Stretta® device. Mederi was acquired by Respiratory Technology Corporation in 2018.

Durasphere® is a bulking agent approved for treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence (see policy titled “Injectable Bulking Agents for the Treatment of Urinary and Fecal Incontinence”). Use of this product for esophageal reflux would be considered off-label use. The website of Carbon Medical Technologies states that Durasphere® GR is an investigational device in the U.S. “intended to treat problems associated with GERD.”

Related Policies:

Magnetic Esophageal Sphincter Augmentation to Treat Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Injectable Bulking Agents for the Treatment of Urinary and Fecal Incontinence

***Note: This Medical Policy is complex and technical. For questions concerning the technical language and/or specific clinical indications for its use, please consult your physician.

Policy

Transendoscopic Therapies for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease are considered investigational. BCBSNC does not provide coverage for investigational services or procedures.

Benefits Application

This medical policy relates only to the services or supplies described herein. Please refer to the Member's Benefit Booklet for availability of benefits. Member's benefits may vary according to benefit design; therefore member benefit language should be reviewed before applying the terms of this medical policy.

When transendoscopic therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease are covered

Not applicable.

When transendoscopic therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease are not covered 

Transoral incisionless fundiplication (TIF) (i.e., Esophyx®) is considered investigational as a treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Transesophageal radiofrequency to create submucosal thermal lesions of the gastroesophageal junction (i.e., the Stretta procedure) is considered investigational as a treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Endoscopic submucosal implantation of a prosthesis or injection of a bulking agent (e.g., polymethylmethacrylate beads, zirconium oxide spheres) is considered investigational as a treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Policy Guidelines

The evidence for individuals who have GERD and a hiatal hernia of 2 cm or less that is not controlled by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and receive TIF (eg. EsophyX) includes 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing TIF with PPI therapy, nonrandomized studies comparing TIF with fundoplication, and case series with longer term follow-up. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status, quality of life, medication use, and treatment-related morbidity. The highest quality RCT (RESPECT) was sham-controlled and compared TIF together with PPI therapy while the second RCT (TEMPO) compared TIF with maximum PPI therapy. Both trials found a significant benefit of TIF on the primary outcome measure in about 65% of patients, but the sham-controlled trial found only a 45% improvement of the group and no benefit on secondary subjective outcome measures. The nonblinded RCT found significant improvements in subjective measures, however, there was no difference in objective outcome measures when compared with PPI therapy. Together, these trials suggest a strong placebo effect of the surgery and a modest benefit of TIF in patients whose symptoms are not controlled by PPI therapy. For these patients, the most appropriate comparator is laparoscopic fundoplication. Studies comparing TIF with fundoplication have limitations that include earlier TIF procedures and unequal groups at baseline and are inadequate to determine relative efficacy. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.

The evidence on transesophageal incisionless fundoplication (TIF) in individuals who have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia of 2cm or less that is controlled by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) includes 2 RCTs and observational studies with longer term follow-up. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status, quality of life, medication use, and treatment-related morbidity. A sham-controlled trial found that the time to resume PPI therapy was longer following TIF and the remission rate was higher, indicating that TIF is more effective than no therapy. The nonblinded RCT found a benefit of TIF compared with continued PPI therapy for subjective measures, but not for the objective measures of pH normalization and esophagitis. These results indicate a possible placebo effect for the procedure. In addition, observational studies indicate a loss of treatment effectiveness over time. Adverse events associated with the procedure (eg, perforation) may be severe. Currently, the available evidence does not support the use of this intervention in patients whose symptoms are adequately controlled by medical therapy. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.

The evidence on endoscopic radiofrequency (RF) energy, (eg, Stretta) in patients who have GERD includes 2 meta-analyses, 6 small RCTs, 2 nonrandomized comparative studies, and observational studies with longer term follow-up. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status, quality of life, medication use, and treatment-related morbidity. The RCTs report some improvements in symptoms and quality of life following treatment with RF energy compared with sham controls. However, objective meaures of GERD and a meta-analysis of these studies found no significant improvement in outcomes, therefore the mechanism of symptom relief is uncertain, although symptom relief may be lower than after fundoplication, and reoperations greater. Larger RCTs with longer follow-up are needed to better define the risks and benefits of this procedure. The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes. 

The evidence on esophageal bulking agents in individuals who have GERD includes case series. Relevant outcomes are symptoms, change in disease status, quality of life, medication use, and treatment-related morbidity. High-quality data from large RCTs are needed to compare bulking procedures with both sham controls and with the currently accepted treatments for GERD (ie, drug therapy, laparoscopic fundoplication). Well-designed trials should use standardized outcome measures to examine whether subjective improvement (eg, discontinuation of medication therapy, GERD– Health-Related Quality of Life scores) is supported by objective improvement (eg, esophageal acid exposure). The evidence is insufficient to determine the effects of the technology on health outcomes.

Billing/Coding/Physician Documentation Information

This policy may apply to the following codes. Inclusion of a code in this section does not guarantee that it will be reimbursed. For further information on reimbursement guidelines, please see Administrative Policies on the Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina web site at www.bcbsnc.com. They are listed in the Category Search on the Medical Policy search page.

Applicable service codes: 43201, 43210, 43212, 43236, 43257, 43266, 43499, 43659

Endoscopic submucosal injection of a bulking agent would most likely be coded using 43201 or 43236. Endoscopic implantation of a prosthesis would most likely be coded using 43212, 43266, or 43499.

BCBSNC may request medical records for determination of medical necessity. When medical records are requested, letters of support and/or explanation are often useful, but are not sufficient documentation unless all specific information needed to make a medical necessity determination is included.

Scientific Background and Reference Sources

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual, 12/15/00; 2.01.38

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual, 11/20/01; 2.01.38

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel, 6/2002

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 7/17/03, 2.01.38.

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 12/17/03.

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel - 5/2004

ECRI. (2003, June) The stretta procedure for gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) (Issue No.95). Windows on Medical Technology.

ECRI. (2003) Endoscopic liquid polymer implantation (enteryx) for gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd). TARGET database. Retrieved on 5/6/2004 from http://www.ecri.org/summary/ detail.aspx?doc_id=1762&q=enteryx&anm=wynneb.

BCBSA Technology Evaluation Center. (2004, February). Transesophageal endoscopic treatments for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Retrieved 5/18/2005 from http://www.bcbsa.com/tec/vol18/18_20.html.

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 4/1/2005

DeVault KR, Castel DO. (2005) Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 100:190-200.

U.S Food and Drug Administration. (2005, October). FDA preliminary public health notification *: Recall of Boston Scientific ENTERYX procedure kits and ENTERYX injector single packs for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Retrieved 11/9/2005 from http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/safety/101405-enteryx.html.

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel - 4/2006

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 6.14.07

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel - 4/2008

American Gastroenterological Association. Medical position statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Available at www.gastro.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=4453.

National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Interventional procedure guidance 292. London, UK: NICE; March 2009

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 7/9/09

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 8/11/2011

Medical Director review – 10/2011

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 11/10/2011

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel – 10/2012

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 11/8/2012

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel – 10/2013

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 11/14/2013

Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:308–328. Corrigendum. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108(10):1672. Available online at: http://gi.org/guideline/diagnosis-and-managemen-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/. Last accessed January, 2014.

Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. Endoluminal treatments for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). 2013. Available online at: http://www.sages.org/publications/guidelines/endoluminal-treatments-for-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd/. Last accessed January, 2014.

American Gastroenterological Association. Medical position statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Available online at: http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/PIIS0016508597701689/related. Last accessed January, 2014.

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel – 11/2014

Senior Medical Director review-- 12/2014

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 2/12/15

Medical Director review -3/2015

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2015

Medical Director review 11/2015

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 11/12/15

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 10/2016

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2016

Medical Director review 11/2016

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2017

Medical Director review 11/2017

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 12/2017

Medical Director review 12/2017

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2018

Medical Director review 11/2018

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 11/2018

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2019

Medical Director review 11/2019

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 12/2019

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2020

Medical Director review 11/2020

BCBSA Medical Policy Reference Manual [Electronic Version]. 2.01.38, 1/2021

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2021

Medical Director review 11/2021

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2022

Medical Director review 11/2022

Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 510(k) Summary: EsophyX (K160960). 2016; https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf16/K160960.pdf.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA). EsophyX Summary K171307. 2017; https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf17/K171307.pdf .

Food and Drug Administration (FDA). EsophyX Summary K172811. 2017; https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf17/K172811.pdf.

Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2023

Medical Director review 11/2023

McCarty TR, Itidiare M, Njei B, et al. Efficacy of transoral incisionless fundoplication for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy. Jul 2018; 50(7): 708-725. PMID 29625507

Richter JE, Kumar A, Lipka S, et al. Efficacy of Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication vs Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication or Proton Pump Inhibitors in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. Apr 2018; 154(5): 1298-1308.e7. PMID 29305934

Testoni S, Hassan C, Mazzoleni G, et al. Long-term outcomes of transoral incisionless fundoplication for gastro-esophageal reflux disease: systematic-review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. Feb 2021; 9(2): E239-E246. PMID 33553587

Rausa E, Ferrari D, Kelly ME, et al. Efficacy of laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication compared to endoscopic and surgical procedures for GERD treatment: a randomized trials network meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. Jan 21 2023; 408(1): 52. PMID 36680602

Hunter JG, Kahrilas PJ, Bell RC, et al. Efficacy of transoral fundoplication vs omeprazole for treatment of regurgitation in a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. Feb 2015; 148(2): 324-333.e5. PMID 25448925

Trad KS, Barnes WE, Simoni G, et al. Transoral incisionless fundoplication effective in eliminating GERD symptoms in partial responders to proton pump inhibitor therapy at 6 months: the TEMPO Randomized Clinical Trial. Surg Innov. Feb 2015; 22(1): 26-40. PMID 24756976

Trad KS, Fox MA, Simoni G, et al. Transoral fundoplication offers durable symptom control for chronic GERD: 3-year report from the TEMPO randomized trial with a crossover arm. Surg Endosc. Jun 2017; 31(6): 2498-2508. PMID 27655380

Trad KS, Barnes WE, Prevou ER, et al. The TEMPO Trial at 5 Years: Transoral Fundoplication (TIF 2.0) Is Safe, Durable, and Cost-effective. Surg Innov. Apr 2018; 25(2): 149-157. PMID 29405886

Hakansson B, Montgomery M, Cadiere GB, et al. Randomised clinical trial: transoral incisionless fundoplication vs. sham intervention to control chronic GERD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Dec 2015; 42(11-12): 1261-70. PMID 26463242

Witteman BP, Conchillo JM, Rinsma NF, et al. Randomized controlled trial of transoral incisionless fundoplication vs. proton pump inhibitors for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. Apr 2015; 110(4): 531-42. PMID 25823768

Toomey P, Teta A, Patel K, et al. Transoral incisionless fundoplication: is it as safe and efficacious as a Nissen or Toupet fundoplication?. Am Surg. Sep 2014; 80(9): 860-7. PMID 25197871

Frazzoni M, Conigliaro R, Manta R, et al. Reflux parameters as modified by EsophyX or laparoscopic fundoplication in refractory GERD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Jul 2011; 34(1): 67-75. PMID 21539587

Bell RCW, Freeman K, Heidrick R, et al. Transoral incisionless fundoplication demonstrates durability at up to 9 years. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2021; 14: 17562848211004827. PMID 33948113

Stefanidis G, Viazis N, Kotsikoros N, et al. Long-term benefit of transoral incisionless fundoplication using the esophyx device for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease responsive to medical therapy. Dis Esophagus. Feb 01 2017; 30(3): 1-8. PMID 27868281

Testoni PA, Testoni S, Mazzoleni G, et al. Long-term efficacy of transoral incisionless fundoplication with Esophyx (Tif 2.0) and factors affecting outcomes in GERD patients followed for up to 6 years: a prospective single-center study. Surg Endosc. Sep 2015; 29(9): 2770-80. PMID 25480624

Testoni PA, Testoni S, Distefano G, et al. Transoral incisionless fundoplication with EsophyX for gastroesophageal reflux disease: clinical efficacy is maintained up to 10 years. Endosc Int Open. May 2019; 7(5): E647-E654. PMID 31058207

Testoni SGG, Cilona MB, Mazzoleni G, et al. Transoral incisionless fundoplication with Medigus ultrasonic surgical endostapler (MUSE) for the treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: outcomes up to 3 years. Surg Endosc. Jul 2022; 36(7): 5023-5031. PMID 34799745

Huang X, Chen S, Zhao H, et al. Efficacy of transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) for the treatment of GERD: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. Mar 2017; 31(3): 1032-1044. PMID 27495332

Lipka S, Kumar A, Richter JE. No evidence for efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Jun 2015; 13(6): 1058-67.e1. PMID 25459556

Arts J, Bisschops R, Blondeau K, et al. A double-blind sham-controlled study of the effect of radiofrequency energy on symptoms and distensibility of the gastro-esophageal junction in GERD. Am J Gastroenterol. Feb 2012; 107(2): 222-30. PMID 22108449

Aziz AM, El-Khayat HR, Sadek A, et al. A prospective randomized trial of sham, single-dose Stretta, and double-dose Stretta for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surg Endosc. Apr 2010; 24(4): 818-25. PMID 19730952

Corley DA, Katz P, Wo JM, et al. Improvement of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms after radiofrequency energy: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. Sep 2003; 125(3): 668-76. PMID 12949712

Coron E, Sebille V, Cadiot G, et al. Clinical trial: Radiofrequency energy delivery in proton pump inhibitor-dependent gastro-oesophageal reflux disease patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Nov 01 2008; 28(9): 1147-58. PMID 18616516

Fass R, Cahn F, Scotti DJ, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and prospective cohort efficacy studies of endoscopic radiofrequency for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surg Endosc. Dec 2017; 31(12): 4865-4882. PMID 28233093

Xie P, Yan J, Ye L, et al. Efficacy of different endoscopic treatments in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. Apr 2021; 35(4): 1500-1510. PMID 33650003

Kalapala R, Shah H, Nabi Z, et al. Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease using radiofrequency ablation (Stretta procedure): An interim analysis of a randomized trial. Indian J Gastroenterol. Sep 2017; 36(5): 337-342. PMID 29030802

Zerbib F, Sacher-Huvelin S, Coron E, et al. Randomised clinical trial: oesophageal radiofrequency energy delivery versus sham for PPI-refractory heartburn. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. Aug 2020; 52(4): 637-645. PMID 32656869

Liang WT, Yan C, Wang ZG, et al. Early and Midterm Outcome After Laparoscopic Fundoplication and a Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Procedure in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Prospective Observational Study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. Aug 2015; 25(8): 657-61. PMID 26258269

Ma L, Li T, Liu G, et al. Stretta radiofrequency treatment vs Toupet fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a comparative study. BMC Gastroenterol. May 27 2020; 20(1): 162. PMID 32460696

Liang WT, Wang ZG, Wang F, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease following a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure: a prospective observational study. BMC Gastroenterol. Oct 10 2014; 14: 178. PMID 25304252

Noar M, Squires P, Noar E, et al. Long-term maintenance effect of radiofrequency energy delivery for refractory GERD: a decade later. Surg Endosc. Aug 2014; 28(8): 2323-33. PMID 24562599

Ganz RA, Fallon E, Wittchow T, et al. A new injectable agent for the treatment of GERD: results of the Durasphere pilot trial. Gastrointest Endosc. Feb 2009; 69(2): 318-23. PMID 19185691

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Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2024

Medical Director review 11/2024

Policy Implementation/Update Information

5/01 Original policy issued. Coding format change.

1/02 Policy revised under what is not covered section. Investigational indications reworded for clarity and a new investigational indication added.

6/02 Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel. No changes. Approve.

1/04 Information added regarding the Enteryx procedure. Additional information added in the Description section of the policy. Formatted for consistency. Code 0008T added to policy.

6/10/04 Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review. Coding updated. Added codes 43201 and 0057T, removed 43499. No change to criteria. References added. Notification given 6/10/2004. Effective date 8/12/2004.

10/14/04 Code S2215 added to the Billing/Coding section.

12/23/04 Code 43257 added to Billing/Coding section of policy.

6/16/05 Rationale added to "Policy Guidelines" section. 43200 and 0057T removed from "Billing/Coding" section of policy. References added.

12/1/05 Information added regarding Boston Scientific/FDA recall of Enteryx in the "Description of Service or Procedure".

1/19/06 Added new 2006 CPT code0133T to "Billing/Coding" section. Deleted HCPCS code S2215 from "Billing/Coding" section

5/22/06 Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review 4/20/2006. No changes to criteria. Removed information in "Policy Guidelines" section related to Enteryx. "Endoscopic Plication System, Gatekeeper Reflux Repair System, SUR6355" added to "Key Words" section. References added.

1/3/07 Deleted HCPCS code 0008T from "Billing/Coding" section.

7/16/07 Deleted HCPCS code 0133T from "Billing/Coding" section.

6/16/08 Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review 4/30/08. Added additional information to "Description" section; "StomaphyX and the EsophyX were cleared by the FDA 510(k) process in 2007, which indicates they are equivalent to the EndoCinch." No change to policy statement. References added. (btw)

6/22/10 Policy Number(s) removed (amw)

11/23/10 Description section revised and updated. Policy statement and medical criteria unchanged. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review 10/28/10. Policy accepted as written. (adn)

11/8/11 Description section updated. When It Is Not Covered section was revised to read: “Transesophageal endoscopic gastroplasty is considered investigational as a treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (e.g., the EndoCinch™, NDO Plicator™, or EsophyX™ procedures). Transesophageal radiofrequency to create submucosal thermal lesion of the gastroesophageal junction (i.e., the Stretta procedure) is considered investigational as a treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Endoscopic submucosal implantation of a prosthesis or injection of a bulking agent (e.g., biocompatible liquid polymer, polymethylmethacrylate beads, zirconium oxide spheres) is considered investigational as a treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.” Rationale updated in the Policy Guidelines section. (adn)

10/30/12 Added CPT code 43219 to Billing/Coding section. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review 10/17/12. No change to policy statement. (sk)

1/15/13 Reference added. Information on transesophageal (or transoral) incisionless fundoplication added to Description section. Related Policies and Related Guideline added. Coding section updated. No change to policy statement. Medical Director review. (sk)

12/31/13 Coding update. CPT code 43219 removed from Billing/Coding section. (sk)

1/28/14 References added. CPT codes 43212, 43236, and 43266 added to Billing/Coding section. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review 10/16/13. No change to policy statement. (sk)

1/13/15 References updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review 11/2014. Senior Medical Director review 12/2014. No change to policy intent. (td)

4/28/15 Description Section extensively revised-Regulatory Status section added. When Not Covered section revised to include transoral incisionless fundiplication. Billing/Coding section revised to include codes: 43499, 43659. Policy Guidelines section updated. References updated. Medical Director review 3/2015. (td)

10/1/15 Billing/Coding section updated to include C9743 effective October 1, 2015. (td)

12/30/15 Billing/Coding section updated to include code 43210; effective 1/1/16. References updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review 11/18/2015. Medical Director review 11/2015. (td)

1/26/16 Description section updated. Policy Guidelines extensively revised. Policy Statement remains unchanged. References updated. (td)

12/30/16 Regulatory status section updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel review 11/2016. Medical Director review 11/2016. (jd)

12/15/17 References updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2017. Medical Director review 11/2017. (jd)

1/12/18 Regulatory Status and Policy Guidelines updated. No change to policy intent. References updated. Medical Director review 12/2017. (jd)

12/14/18 Minor revisions to regulatory status and related policies. References updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2018. Medical Director review 11/2018. (jd)

2/11/20 References updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2019. Medical Director review 12/2019. (jd)

12/8/20 Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2020. Medical Director review 12/2020. (jd)

11/30/21 Minor revisions and updates to Description section and Policy Guidelines. No change to policy intente. References updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2021. Medical Director review 11/2021. (jd)

11/29/22 Minor revisions and updates to Description section. Billing/Coding and References sections updated. No change to policy statement. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2022. Medical Director review 11/2022. (tm)

12/29/23 Description, Policy Guidelines and References updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2023. Medical Director review 11/2023. (tm)

12/17/24 Minor edits to the Description section, References updated. Specialty Matched Consultant Advisory Panel 11/2024. Medical Director review 11/2024. (tm)